(Compare to a virus, which can only spread if a user runs a compromised program.) While some worms do nothing more than spread, many have more severe consequences. Worms are self-replicating malicious programs that can spread between apps and devices without human interaction. IBM's Cost of a Data Breach report found the average ransomware attack costs USD 4.54 million, not including the ransom itself. Even if victims don't pay, ransomware is costly. According to one report (link resides outside ibm.com), the average ransom payment is USD 812,360. Ransom demands can range from tens of thousands to millions of US dollars. In a triple extortion attack, hackers encrypt the victim's data, steal it, and threaten to take systems offline through a distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attack. In a double extortion attack, cybercriminals steal data and threaten to leak it if they're not paid. The most basic ransomware attacks render assets unusable until the ransom is paid, but cybercriminals may use additional tactics to increase the pressure on victims. According to IBM's X-Force Threat Intelligence Index, ransomware is the second most common type of cyberattack, accounting for 17% of attacks. Ransomware locks up a victim's devices or data and demands a ransom payment, usually in the form of cryptocurrency, to unlock them.
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